Aquafarming and Pacific White Shrimp

IntroductionGrameneralAquaculture is the agriculture and active farming or production of aquatic beings such as fish, mollusk, crustaceans and aquatic workss in controlled environments. It is besides known as aquafarming. Nowadays, this animal-based food-producing sector has increased in footings of its importance due to the addition of planetary human population demand. The rush of aquaculture is besides due to it supply a batch of extra employment for the increased figure of under-employed fishermen or husbandmans every bit good as the rural inhabitants, increased fuel’s monetary value which lead to the rise of angling operations cost, and the inclined figure of demand for crustaceans like runts and shrimps ( FAO, 1987 ) . Asia as a whole accounted about 90 per centum of planetary aquaculture production with China being the chief manufacturers ( FAO, 2013 ) . Aquaculture accounts 47 per centum of all fish supplies destined for non merely direct human nutrient ingestion, but besides processed into fishmeal and oil as animate being provender ; carnivorous aquatic species such as runt, trout and salmon, and for other animate beings such as hogs, poulets and family pets ( FAO, 2013 ) . Direct human ingestion used about 86 % of entire piscary production, while the staying 14 % was used in fabrication of fishmeal and fish oil ( FAO, 2010 ) . Aquaculture system can be differentiated by its degree of direction ; extended, semi-intensive and intensive. Extensive civilization system fundamentally depends to the full on nutrients which occur of course in the system such as planktons and did non have any knowing nutritionary inputs. This type of system allows the stock to turn by itself as less attempt is apply into the civilization system. It besides depends on H2O flow to convey the nutrients, so normally it is done in the ocean, lakes and river. Other than that, extended system besides has a few negative effects as it depend on the surrounding conditions for the mortality and survival rate of the stocks. While for intensive civilization system, it requires the aquaculturists to hold high understanding about the stocks as they have higher control over the civilization system than extended system. Their provenders are besides need to be well-prepared with balanced nutrition and so pelleted to advance higher endurance rate. Al though it requires higher cost and works, it produces highest output than both extended and semi-intensive civilization system which still requires unreal nutrient to be accompanied with natural nutrient supply. Other than freshwater fishes, species that besides produced in aquaculture included mollusk ( 23.6 per centum ) , crustaceans ( 9.6 per centum ) , and other aquatic animate beings. While the production of crustaceans itself consists of fresh water and Marine species. Examples of commercial runt species arePenaeus Monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus stylirostris,Phosphorusenaeusindicus, PenaeusmerguiensisandPhosphorusenaueschinensis.Liter.vannameior besides called as Whiteleg shrimp rise as the most preferable species of Marine and fresh water for civilization crushing the tiger shrimp,P. Monodonas it lost its influence in this last decennary due to outbreak of diseases ( FAO, 2012 ) . As white topographic point disease ( WSD ) start to outbreak, it caused high desolation in economic as the mortality rate increased dramatically and caused a large loss to the shrimp civilization ( Gunalan B. , et al. , 2011 ) . After uninterrupted hunt for the options for shrimp civilization, at 200 1,L. vannameiis introduced in Asia. The species commercial civilization began in South and Central America and subsequently the aquafarming ofL. vannameigo the most of import in Mexico. Although the commercial civilization ofL. vannameipunctuated with its slope and diminution tendencies after the ‘la Nina’ calamity, the production of the species has grown to over 270 000 metric tons by 2004 ( FAO, 2014 ) . There are a few grounds as to whyL. vannameiis more favorable thanP. Monodon. One of it is it merely require low protein in its diet ( 30 per centum ) thanP. Monodon( 45 per centum ) which is more carnivorous, so the provender cost is a batch lower than the 1 withP. Monodon( FAO, 2014 ) . Other than that, it besides has higher survival rate and is a batch easier to civilization ( SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . L. vannamei aslo can be cultured in low salt H2O as it can turn efficaciously and able to last at utmost salts status ( LukeA. & A ; D. AllenDavis, 2010 ) . However, many Asiatic states so unwilling to go on to bring forth these shrimp species as they fear on the possibility of the eruption of new alien disease that can be transmitted to native penaeid runts at their states. So, the civilization merely been applied in Malaysia, Cambodia, India, Philippines and Myanmar. Of all types of broodstock, merely Specific Pathogen Free ( SPF ) / Specific Pathogen Resistant ( SPR ) broodstock is allow ed to be imported in Thailand and Indonesia ( FAO, 2014 ) . Shrimp agriculture in Malaysia has started since 1930s, which so led to larger scale civilization production. Its life rhythm includes larval phase and full-blown phase, in which require both natural provenders and unrecorded nutrients. Due to authorities support, farmer’s active engagement, intensive preparation to husbandmans, increased engineering and steady market’s monetary value, the runt agriculture industry has rises systematically ( SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . Although its being patterns widely all over the universe, runt agriculture has a few impacts that needed to be taken attention of. These include its impact to environmental and its sustainability. The impacts can be categorised in direct or indirect impacts. Mangrove ecosystems being cleared out to do infinite for shrimps’ civilization pool doing more than 50 per centum of it to decrease, and the nutrient webs besides will alterations due to the runt agriculture. Habitat loss besides is included in indirect consequence of runt farming to environment. Land required for it besides will subsequently go increased in monetary value particularly in Peninsular Malaysia. While for direct impacts, it include new species and familial stuff to be introduce. As the runt farming industry will let go of their waste and toxic substances to environment, it will do pollution and eutrophication. Disease eruption, for illustrations White topographic point ( WSSV ) , Taura Syndrome and Vibriosis, besides will severely impact the environment as it will impact other wild penaeid runt populations ( RonnbackPatrik, 2001 ; SEAFDEC, 2005 ) . However, these will non do the industry to diminish because new runt farms will be developed at much higher rate than before ( RonnbackPatrik, 2001 ) . Overfeeding besides has chance to go on and this will take to protein beginnings being uneconomical. Feed is an of import facet in success of shrimp aquaculture. During the disease eruption, antibiotics are used hyperbolically since it can battle infective beings. This lead to it being banned by European Union ( EU ) in 2006 as they found out that antibiotic can give harmful consequence to the host species, human as consumer and the environment itself. To avoid any losingss, they decided to happen the options for antibiotics. Of all the options, organic acids seems to be most appropriate for the function as surveies has shown that organic acids and its salts can advance both growing and feed use and besides increase the species opposition towards diseases ( W. K.Ng & A ; C. B.Koh, 2011 ) . Still, there is non adequate survey has been done or published sing the usage of organic acids as aquafeeds for shrimp aquaculture ( Koh C.B. , et al. , 2013 ) . Therefore this survey is been conducted to understand the consequence of organics acids on the growing and wellness public presentation of L. vannamei, in footings of it weight and disease opposition.AimAim of this experiment include:To find the consequence of dietetic organic acids in commercial runt provenders on the growing public presentation and wellness of the Pacific white runt,Litopenaeus vannameistation larvae.To analyze the consequence of dietetic organic acids on provender use efficiency.To measure the entire feasible bacterial and presumptiveVibriocounts in the hepatopancreas and intestine andhepatopancreas histopathology.Resistance toVoltibrioparahemolyticuschallenge.LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp are marine crustaceans that can establish on the river beds and ocean floors around the universe, filtrating sand and atoms in the H2O. As forL. vannamei, or its common name Whiteleg runt are under the order Decapoda. As the name Decapoda implies, all decapods have ten legs ; five braces of legs on the chief portion of the organic structure, plus five braces of pleopods on the venters or tail. Differ from other Decapoda, this species tend to be larger than the Caridean runt species and are commercially of import. Liter.vannameiis first described by Lee Boone in 1931. At that clip, this new species was rescued for scientific discipline from the native fish market in Panama City, March 25, 1926( Boone, 1931) .Liter.vannameiare native to the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Mexican province of Sonora as far south as northern Peru. It is restricted to countries where the H2O temperature remains above 20 Â °C ( 68 Â °F ) throughout the twelvemonth. Adults unrecorded and spawn in the unfastened ocean, while station larvae migrate inshore to pass their juvenile, stripling and sub-adult phases in coastal estuaries, lagunas or mangrove countries. This species is besides dominant at Guatemala and El Salvador( FAO, 1980 ) . Liter.vannameihas dais which reasonably long with 7-10 dorsal and 2-4 ventral length. Its coloring material is usually semitransparent white, but this can alter depending on its provender, substrate and H2O turbidness (FAO, 2006) . Its maximal entire length can make until 230 millimeters. While it’s shell length can make until 90 millimeters maximal.L. vannameican be wrongly thought asPenaeus stylirostris, but it really has distinguishable characteristic that differentiate them fromP. stylirostris.Liter. vannameiis by and large less compressed laterally thanP. stylirostris. Its average Carina of the shell besides does non widen rather to the posterior border. Its first three abdominal sections are sturdier and have more developed epimera thanP. stylirostris(Boone, 1931) . InLiter. vannameimature males, its petasma is symmetrical and semi-open. Its spermatophores which are dwelling of sperm mass are complex. Males become mature from 20 g. While for the mature female, they have unfastened thelycum. Females become mature from 28 g onwards at the age of 6–7 months. FemalesLiter. vannameinormally grow faster and larger than the males (FAO, 2006) . Its life rhythm consists of an pelagic planktonic larval phase with its first phase larvae being termed nauplii. Nauplii live on their yolk militias, so it does non feed. The following larval phase which is protozoea, Mysis and early postlarvae remain planktonic for some clip. They feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Next are an estuarial station larva-to-juvenile phase, and a return to the marine environment as an grownup to get down feeding on benthal debris, worms, pelecypods and other crustaceans, mature and spawn (Valles-Jimenez, et al. , 2005 ; FAO, 2006) . L. vannameiis used as introduced species in aquaculture. It has the ability to accommodate to alterations in salt, pH and dissolved O degrees (Rosenberry, 1999) . The production of the species in their native part is shown to be lower than that in the part where they were introduced. For illustration, their production in Asia and the Pacific part was 1.1 million metric tons compared with in Latin America and the Caribbean which merely 266 000 metric tons. This can be happened as the switching from the usage ofP. MonodontoLiter. vannameihappened in China and many of the states in Asia (FAO, 2006) . The shifting may be because of the provender costs forLiter. vannameiis by and large less thanP. Monodonas L. vannamei merely necessitate 18-35 % of protein compared to 36-42 % for P. Monodon (FAO, 2006) . Other than that,Liter. vannameiare easier to reproduce and has unvarying growing rate thanP. Monodonwhich lead to its success in selling. AsL. vannameiable to bring forth specific pathogen free ( SPF ) , it can easy come in in Asiatic market. But the production will lowered if they suffer from diseases like White Spot Syndrome Virus ( WSSV ) in which the septic runt shows reduced nutrient ingestion and Taura Syndrome which makes the juvenile shrimp become weak, has soft shell, empty intestine and its ruddy chromatophores in extremities to spread expand. There besides other diseases such as Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic mortification ( IHHNV ) which cause Runt Deformity Syndrome ( RDS ) , Baculoviral Midgut Gland Necrosis ( BMN ) , and Vibriosis ( FAO, 2006 ) . These diseases can be reduced by holding good direction of the H2O system, provenders, armored combat vehicles and the runt itself. 2.2Use of organic acids in provenders As the aquaculture production become intense, jobs sing diseases besides increase. This finally led to over-use of antibiotics to forestall these diseases which so harmed the environment, human population and the carnal itself. Since 1986, the utilizations of antibiotic growing boosters ( AGP ) are easy being banned around the universe as in Sweden entire prohibition were done. Later in 1997, Europian Union ( EU ) has banned the usage of avoparcin. While in 1999, bacitracin, spiramycin, tylosin and virginiamycin are banned in EU. This finally led to a entire prohibition of the usage of all antibiotics in EU at 2006 (Robert, 2011) . After the forbiddance of antibiotics at 2006, organic acids are used as alternate to these AGP. Formic, lactic, benzoic and propionic acids are illustrations of organic acids. It is already been used as storage preservatives for nutrient and provender ingredients for a long clip (Ng, et al. , 2011) . The first proficient study sing the usage of these acidifiers appears even since 1960’s where it is used in hog eating to see the consequence in their growing and public presentation. In this hog feeding experiment entirely ; more than 500 surveies have been published on the usage of acidifiers (Bernd, 2011) . These organic acids which have low pKa values are effectual at low environment pH and as microbic in acidic tummy part. It has been good documented that these organic acids can beneficially better provender consumption, growing and feed use efficiency when Federal at moderate degrees (Alp, et al. , 1999 ; Kluge, et al. , 2006 ; Robert, 2011) . Study besides has been done to demo that although there is deficiency of impact on growing rate or provender use shown, the provender transition ratio ( FCR ) , and in-between bowel to organic structure weight ratio is increased significantly due to the presence of acerb salt blend (Ng, et al. , 2011) .

A Brief Analysis of William Blake’s “The Fly”

â€Å"The Fly† by William Blake has a very loose structure, and uses a trimester rhyme scheme. The purpose of using trimester is for the short lines to symbolize the brevity of life. The first of the five stanzas describes an innocent fly being thoughtlessly killed by a human being. The second compares a man to a fly and a fly to a man. The third and fourth explain how flies and humans are similar, and the fifth affirms that man is indeed like a fly.Death is repeatedly referred to as a hand. The fly is killed by being â€Å"brushed away† by the humans â€Å"thoughtless hand. † The human is killed by the â€Å"blind hand† of death. Blake uses the technique of Juxtaposition of the fly and the speaker. The human sees the fly as powerless, and then realizes that humans could be seen in the same manner by a higher order. He says he is fated to live his life â€Å"Till some blind hand/ Shall brush my wing†, comparing his death to that of the fly.The iris stanza uses the imagery of the human placed in a God-like position when he kills the fly. When the human speaking from the point of view of a human, the fly symbolizes those below the speaker in society. The theme of â€Å"The Fly† is man's extreme weakness in comparison to God/death/fate. The poem also uses a common theme of Flake's: innocence and experience. The fly is totally innocent and powerless. The speaker realizes that human beings are powerless in the same way, and this passes him into the realm of experience.

Personal life and sports Essay

Sportsmanship is the character, practice, or skill of a person involved in sports. This includes the participant, the parents, the coaches, and all spectators. Sportsmanlike conduct includes fairness, courtesy, learning to be a good loser, being competitive without rude behavior, or experiencing any ill feelings toward the opponent. Too often in any sporting event, the purpose of the sport is forgotten. Winning has become overwhelmingly important to the adults involved. This attitude is inflicted on the youth. People of all ages should be allowed to fully embrace the challenge and fun of playing sports. Teaching, coaching, motivating, and winning are fine as long as the reason for the sport or activity is prioritized. The attitudes of athletes are instilled in them at a very young age. They reflect the motivation and goals of their parents, who sometimes push them into sports they would not normally choose for themselves. Play is essential in growth and develop- ment. Children who play sports with other children tend to socialize and adjust better as adults. Healthy competition provides a natural, emotional outlet for children, but should not be forced or overemphasized. Competition should be kept friendly with the emphasis on participation rather than the outcome of the event. Parents should not pressure the child to excel, regardless of his abilities, because this takes away the fun of the sport, adds undo pressure on the participant, and produces unsportsmanlike conduct. Sportsmanship is participating in a sport, rather than performing, and realizing how you play the game is more important than winning. Too many coaches and parents tend to forget the reason for sports for children. They get caught up in the excitement and competitiveness. Winning is the ultimate goal, at all costs. The cost is the effect this attitude has on the children. I have witnessed this behavior from coaches and parents, where they have actually embarrassed and humiliated young players in front of their peers. The negative effect this has on the athletes is obvious. They become aggressive, sometimes withdrawn and angry, rude, and inconsiderate. Sports are not just an activity. They form a stepping stone toward the future. Sportsmanship teaches children how to interact with peers, how to relate and interact with others. Sports can teach cooperation, sharing, and compassion. At a young age participation in sports introduces players to rules, and how to incorporate them into other aspects of life. A child must realize that losing has absolutely nothing to do with self-worth, that their personal value is not measured by winning or losing, but doing the best that they can in sports and life. It is important that children and adults be part of a group to feel acceptance, without the emphasis on winning. Self-confidence does not come from winning or losing, but how the outcome is handled. If you perform to your best ability, then you have won the only  important game. Sportsmanship is what the activity should be about. Coaches and parents should relax, enjoy the fact that their children are active and adjusting socially, have fun, and allow their children to have fun. They will produce healthier, happier, more secure, self-confident, and less angry, frustrated children. Sportsmanship carries into every aspect of daily life. Winning and losing is part of every day life at every age and every stage. We should learn and be taught through praise and example how to win and lose with dignity, humility, and self-respect.

What are the strengths, limitations and challenges of ethical and Essay

What are the strengths, limitations and challenges of ethical and socially responsible business practice - Essay Example The smaller versions of such corporations are still present and not to mention relevant in the society but they have had the doors opened in terms of the possible heights that can be scaled (Habisch et. al 2005). It is with this in mind that there has arose a need to shed light on certain issues such as control and regulation of these business entities to ensure that there is no negative backlash from their activities. It is essential that a corporation not only remain profitable, but serve the society as well so as to live in harmony within its environment. Two subjects that can be said to have attempted to breach this matter is the emergence of business ethics as well as the social responsibility. These two topics have grown in intensity as they have served to provide a viable solution in which the business community can take part in their regulation working together with independent bodies. The issue of maintaining ethical business practices by corporations has become an interesti ng subject as though the concept is appealing, the practical implications in some cases may tend to cause profit hungry conglomerates to shy away from such measures. There are two good examples that can be taken as case studies in recent years and thus portray the value of business ethics and social responsibility. One such case is that Of the BP oil spill that caused a lot of damage to the environment when it happened. The clean up and rehabilitation of the animals there was part of the company showing the Social responsibility it had to the society. The organization was also fined heavily for the part they played in the accident. Another case is that of the horsemeat scandal that was uncovered in the UK involving Tesco industries. This situation is a portrayal of what could have been avoided should the organization have decided to implement strict business ethics in their practice and operations. Doing what is best for the company does not always mean doing what is best for the society and the Tesco horsemeat scandal proves that. Business Ethics Business ethics can be described as the practice of maintaining ethical principles in the decision-m aking and operations of a company with regard to the effect that their actions may have on the society (Greenfield, 2006). It can be seen as the process of ensuring that businesses stay in line during their quest for profitability and that this objective does not hinder the advancement or progress of the surrounding community. Business ethics can be said to have been set up to ensure that companies behave in their day to day activities be they long or short term (Murphey et. al 2007). The ethics were developed in a bid to provide guidelines to the businesses on proper forms of interactions and inconsiderate trajectories. A number of external independent bodies that with the corporation of the involved corporations have strived to encourage the practice of these ethics by every business have backed the development. Business ethics can be considered to take up a wide range of issues as it deals with all aspects of a company with regard to their conduct and operations. This means that the business’Â  activities as a whole are not the only sections that will be evaluated and individual’s activities for example will be taken into consideration should they be acting as a representative of the corporation. The code of business ethics hopes to cover all scenarios in a bid to improve the interaction between the businesses and the society. This ensures a harmonic existence as mentioned earlier that allows both sides to flourish. Social Responsibility Social Responsibility refers to the relationship that an organization has with the members of the society in which they operate. A company should

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Politics - Essay Example To be specific he labeled it as a ghost or counterfeit of a part of politics (Plato) Socrates found it shameful but nonetheless revealed that what Gorgias and Polus claims to be an art may be considered under flattery. It is a persuasion not done by organized logic but a form of flattery which reveals that it is not genuine (Plato). To elucidate on this concepts, Socrates used the concepts of medicine and gymnastics as masked by cookery and tiring respectively and as such are knavish, false, ignoble and illiberal (Plato). They are deceitfully overlaid with lines, colors, enamels, garments creating a spurious beauty to the neglect of the true beauty (Plato). Having said this, Socrates considers rhetoric lower than art, not a work of a scholarly person and is fake. Socrates also highlighted the point that rhetoricians can fall to injustice as opposed to Gorgias’ claim that it is to be of noble purpose such as the purpose of those in the field of medicine (Plato). In contrast Socrates refuted that rhetoric can be unjust as evidently given by Polus as an example. As fake, rhetoric cannot be used by men of justice but is associated with perverse men who desire not the good of the society but the pursuit of their own self-interest as seen with the tyrants, who are seen to kill, despoil or exile anyone whom they please (Plato). Men of the state can be rhetoricians who can persuade citizens but not do justly. In the end, Socrates considered them pitiful and definitely not to be envied as he considers the sufferers more blessed than those who bring suffering (Plato). In the end, he even cited that the man who does what he wills even though it is evil is not necessarily powerful because power is evidenced by what is good. A deep stab to the integrity of politics is Socrates’ assertion that rhetoric is under flattery and therefore not genuine. This is a painful truth that everyone

The Various Behavioral Approaches to Leadership Essay - 33

The Various Behavioral Approaches to Leadership - Essay Example In fact, he arrives remarkably early than many of the workers. The various behavioral approaches to leadership show that people oriented and task oriented behaviors are two principal aspects of leadership. Mr. Winston has concern for the people and hence does his work responsibly. He is production-oriented and hence ensures that he meets his duties adequately. Mr. Winston has characterized himself as a leader since he had pleasant experiences since his birth. He witnessed the whites leave Los Angeles, and the blacks becoming a majority and also experienced riots in the city. He ensured that bitter times did not let him down. He feels that living long lets a person experience everything. He feels that he has gathered a lot of information and hence an experienced man. A leader must possess the self-esteem to be successful. One needs to be strong and not be affected by the experiences in the outside world. A leader should also learn for the experiences that one encounters on a daily bas is just like Winston. A leader should also walk with upright dignity just like Winston and be confident in themselves and their views. Winston considers himself a leader since he has lived for long and distinguished accomplishments like confronting racism that he experienced as a black. Where Los Angeles Transit has identified Mr. Winston as a leader, the best leadership theory that would describe Winston’s leadership style is authentic leadership (Northouse 22). In this leadership style, the leaders have a quality of being self-aware. They are not afraid of acting in the way they act and also posses’ high levels of personal integrity. This leadership style fits Mr. Winston since he possesses a high level of personal integrity and acts in accordance to his principles that he acquired from his father. He does not mind what people will think of him but ensures that he follows his own way of life.  

Business Analytics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Analytics - Coursework Example From SPSS’s output on table 1 under Appendix A, the number of respondents that took part in the survey are 332 using varying scales to code their responses. For the word of mouth (WOM), the minimum and maximum values for testing included 1 and 7 respectively while that of trust and attitude was 1 & 7 and 1 & 9 respectively. However, for the age and monthly income, it shows that the minimum age of the participants was 18 years and the maximum was 72 years while the minimum and maximum monthly income was 400 and 10000 respectively. The mean for word of mouth, trust, and attitude is 3.34, 3.35, and 5.12 respectively indicating that the responses were not skewed to the left or the right. This situation shows that respondents showed almost equal distribution around very high and very low account of WOM, trust, and attitudes. The mean age for the respondents was 35.10 year coupled with a standard deviation from the mean of  ±13.898 (14 years). Lastly, the mean and standard deviati on from the mean for monthly income for the respondents is $1893.07 and $1355.696 respectively. With relation to regression analysis, table 3 under Appendix B shows the r-squared value of 0.183 with an adjusted value of 0.170. This means that monthly income, trust, age, attitude, and word of mouth have a low correlation of 18.3% with an adjusted correlation of 17%. Under R-Squared, this values show that the benchmark expectation and the output do not correlate effectively and therefore, the tested variables do not move in the same direction do not respond to the benchmark values (see full SPSS output under Appendix B). The interpretation of the output considered the regressions predictor which shows the differences in response per unit. The total responses and the respondents are 332 which in relation to the output, the constant shows the valid number of responses. This, in addition,

Law of Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Criminal Evidence - Essay Example The prosecution already had evidence of his admission to the theft, which were strong enough to convict him. The evidential burden in this case had been brought forth due to the presence of the admission statements from the police interrogations. However, the prosecution would justify their evidential burden if the prosecutor gave more evidence linking Robert to the theft of the iPods. In Asif and Molly’s cases, the prosecution had the burden of proof. The standard applicable here is the ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ legal standard1. Asif had been accused of stealing iPods and so was Molly. Although the evidential burden was represented by the presentation of witnesses who claimed that they saw Asif stealing the iPods, the evidential burden was yet to be depicted as far as Molly was concerned. There are no witnesses who associated that Molly had taken part in the theft. The prosecutor had the burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt, to present evidence linking Molly t o the theft of the iPods. In the case of Bratty vs. Attorney General of Northern Ireland2, Lord Moris stated that a mouthy excuse should not be concluded as enough evidence to convict the accused. The manager’s allegations depicting that Molly and asif had taken part in the theft was not enough evidence. Robert’s own confession of his participation in the theft plays a major role in the evidence burden3. However, advising him that engaging a solicitor would lengthen the process was a misguidance.... In both cases, he had been deceived into the confession. Although this is a good defense, the prosecution might counteract this by arguing that the defendant did not have to worry about the involvement of the police and the court if he was innocent. The fact that he was afraid of the police and the court meant that there was something he knew about the crime, which he did not want to bring forward. Such claims would act as a disadvantage to Robert’s case. In other words, it would be hard to convince the jury to abandon the confessions made by Robert when he was interrogated by the manager and the police. Legally, the police had a right to advice Robert about his right to remaining silence. However, advising him that engaging a solicitor would lengthen the process was a misguidance. This is because they knew that he would eventually need one since they were sure that they he would be taken to court. On the other hand, the police might claim that they were simply using tactics t o make him tell the truth. The law gives accused individuals a right to silence when interrogated by the police. However, sections 34-39 of the 1994 act imposed limitations on this law. In the case of Rice vs. Connolly, it was held that individuals had no right to answer police questions if they are not arrested4. However, this section gives the jury the right to make adverse inferences as a result of the accused person’s silence. In other words, Molly was expected to mention that he was under duress when he performed the crime. Molly was expected to mention that Asif was mad and that he had threatened to break her legs she failed to carry out the act of crime. She should have further mentioned that the she was sure Asif would go ahead with his

Statement of purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statement of purpose - Essay Example After a lot of discussions; through my persistency, I was able to convince the authorities to grant us special entry to the match. Born in Iran, I grew up in Canada where I completed my primary school education. I moved back to Iran for four years and attended the first years of high school. My parents then sent me to my sister in Germany where I encountered numerous challenges. Initially, I was to pursue an academic career but got misplaced in the lowest school track â€Å"Hauptschule† within the German tripartite school system. Nevertheless, I worked my way up the system to the â€Å"Gymnasium† and passed my A-levels. I then joined Georg-Simon-Ohm University for Applied Sciences in Nuremberg for my undergraduate studies majoring in International Business. I won the Persian Language Olympics and was a finalist in the German School Debating Championship is testimony of my hard work and positive attitude. In addition, the debating tournaments developed my effective commu nication skills and reasoned arguments, an ability useful in my current position to gain the buy in from stakeholders. I have been working in the Siemens Corporate Sustainability Office in a consulting capacity, in Germany, since April 2010. Siemens is a leading company in Sustainability. In Siemens we implement sustainability strategies, coordinate companywide programs and global initiatives. I am involved in program development, driving employee engagement activities and collaborating with internal and external stakeholders as part of my daily routine. I learnt of Sustainability during my internship at Fiat Professional where I developed the communication strategy and roll out plan for the communication campaign. It was then that I knew there were bigger prospects in the horizon. I got the urge to introduce something that would have an impact to future generations. During a project at Siemens Corporate supply & purchasing chain, I successfully developed and incorporated sustainabi lity criteria into the supplier evaluation process. It is while working on this that my passion in Sustainability was confirmed. I want to further my education in Sustainability Management since my plans are to engage in Sustainability throughout my career. I find your program appealing as it takes a holistic approach to Sustainability. Masters in Sustainability Management in Columbia University stands out because of its unique partnership with Earth Institute. This offers first class scientific perspective on Sustainability issues. In exchange, I would offer my expertise knowledge through my extensive work experience at Siemens Corporate Sustainability. My experience has given me the potential to make positive contributions to the courses as other learners would learn from me too. My international background has enabled me to understand and work with different perspectives and opinions which are significant for the topic of Sustainability. I have also established networks with othe r companies. For instance, the One Young World Conference in 2011, where young professionals from around the world gathered to discuss pressing global and environmental issues and Sustainability concerns. I was selected to be a Siemens delegate. In 2012, I will be a returning delegate for Siemens. After completing my studies, I plan to return to Siemens to share what I learnt at Columbia University and put in my persistency and ambitions to help Siemens keep

American Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American Law - Essay Example The power is there restrained to Indians not members of any of the states, and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any state within its own limits. What description of Indians were to be deemed members of a state, had been a question of frequent contention and perplexity in the federal councils. And how the trade with Indians, though not members of a state, yet residing within its legislative jurisdiction, could be regulated by an external authority, without so far intruding on the internal rights of legislation, seems altogether incomprehensible. A regular system of free and speedy communication, is of vital importance to the mercantile interest, but on a wider scale we must also admit it to be of the first consequence to the general benefit. In time of peace, it tends to keep the people duly informed of their political interests; it assists the measures of government, and the private intercourse of individuals. During a war, the rapid communication of intelligence, by means of the post, and the greater facility of transferring bodies of men or munitions of war, to different places, by the aid of good roads, are evident advantages. If these establishments should in practice produce no revenue, the expense would be properly chargeable to the Union, and the proceeds of taxation in the common forms be justly applied to defray it. If, however, as has proved to be the case, the post office yields a revenue, which is with the other revenues of the United States applicable only to the general service, it is obvious, that no state o ught to interfere by establishing a post office of its own. This is therefore an exclusive power so far as relates to the conveyance of letters, &c. In regard to post roads, it is unnecessary, and therefore would be unwarrantable in congress where a sufficient road already exists, to make another; and on the other hand, no state has a power to deny or obstruct the passage of the mail, or the passage of troops, or the property of the United States over its public roads. The power given to congress, in respect to this subject, was brought into operation soon after the Constitution was adopted, and various provisions have at different times been enacted, founded on the principle of its being an exclusive power. It has been made a constitutional question, whether congress has a right to open a new mail road through a state or states for general purposes, involving the public benefit, and the same doubt has been extended to the right of appropriating money in aid of canals through states. At the end of the Revolution, the United States was in a difficult economic position. Its resources were drained, its credit shaky and

Stock Valuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Stock Valuation - Essay Example ter every three months and good dividend paying stocks increase their payout every year unlike those who own funds who most of the time are not sure about what the dividends will be and instead have a default option to buy more shares. It is also easier to understand market volatility since the investor knows the company well, and this helps an investor to make a decision whether to buy, sell or hold their position. Individual stocks also have lower costs than funds help one to diversify their holdings (Hayek, 2013). I would not be okay with the political risks that are prevalent in the increase among the BRISC countries since these countries include the emerging markets that need ample political stability to grow and mature. The political risk brings a lot of volatility in the stock market, as well as discourages foreign and domestic investment as investors prefer more stable markets that are easily predictable in order not to take so much risk. Through negative correlation, the idea of hedging and diversification are elaborated. Since negative correlation tends to make two investments move in opposite directions, an investor is therefore advised to invest in both the investments in order to spread risks. It makes sense that, when an investor invests in those two investments, one investment loses value, the other one will gain value hence the investor must not lose everything at any particular point, but at least gain on some (Eric,

Hamburger and Materials Management Essay Example for Free

Hamburger and Materials Management Essay Resources: Ch. 12 of Introduction to Business. Read the Developing Good Business Sense activity on p. 394 of the text. Answer Questions 1–4 from the activity in a 700- to 1,050-word paper in APA format. Post your paper as an attachment. | The operations of a company consist of three stages. These stages are simple: the input, the operations, and the output stages. The process of the input stage includes raw materials, components, labor and customers. The operations process involves the skills, knowledge, machines, and experts needed to operate the company. As far as the output stage, this involves what we physically use or experience from the company, known as the goods and services (Jones, 2007). Every company, whether it be services such as hair and nails, serving, or patient care, or goods being sold such as jewelry, wholesale businesses, or a corporation like ShopRite or Wal-Mart, they all experience these stages uniquely. Each company runs experiencing input, operations, and output stages, but each stage is handled differently according to what kind of business, what is being offered, and who is running it. The activities that regulate the course of the resources between these particular stages is what we call materials management. Materials management helps operate these stages smoothly and effectively, providing necessities and organization (Jones, 2007). Let’s take a look at three different businesses and how each one handles materials management and the three operational stages. The first company that is going to be observed is Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is a company that has developed over the years into being a commonly recognized place to get everyday necessities for a great price. The process of operations for a business such as Wal-Mart is simple compared to others. The input stage focuses on what is needed for the company to run, such as, labor and employees, contact with a wholesaler, and more all while keeping the customers in mind. Wal-Mart strives to keep a friendly staff and low prices in order to keep the customer’s best interest and loyalty. The way Wal-Mart would go about doing this is hiring qualified staff and train them to best suit the company, and forming an alliance with suppliers that offer products at low prices. As far as the operations of Wal-Mart, they hire the best suited people with the skills and knowledge of this type of company’s operations. They are equipped with machinery and constantly updating in order to keep up with latest trends. With their input and operations, comes the output stage. This is where the goods and services that Wal-Mart offers is placed into the market for consumers to decide. Mentioned previously, Wal-Mart strives to meet the every need of customers providing a great shopping experience. So far, Wal-Mart is still one of the most successful companies of its kind and doesn’t look like anything is going to change that anytime soon. The second company that was observed is Burger King. Burger King is a fast food restaurant business that has a lot of competition. The slogan, â€Å"Have it Your Way,† has allowed Burger King to make way for success. The operations behind this slogan is a bit more complicated. The input of Burger King consists of associations with suppliers in order to have the best quality possible for a frozen, fast food restaurant. From the supplies of burgers, to fries, milkshakes and salads, Burger King is not going to have a supplier produce outdated food or else that would be horrible materials management. The operations stage of Burger King is figuring out new ways to produce faster and better food and service to its customers while living up to its slogan. Doing this, Burger King would have to make sure everything is up to date and employees are equipped with the skills and knowledge to come up with new innovations to suit the needs of the company. The output stage of Burger King is providing the service fast and efficiently. Making sure that all food is sanitary and delivered quickly. The third company that was observed is St. Joseph’s Hospital. This is a hospital that specializes in critical care and emergencies. The operations of this hospital is crucial because it is not only service, but it holds people’s lives at stake. The input of the hospital would be having ownership of the supplies and relationships with suppliers. This way when it comes to operations stage, the best and most updated equipment is ready for use and can provide the best service possible. Between these two stages, the best and most skilled doctors, nurses, and staff are hired in order to ensure safety and health. As far as the output stage of St. Joseph’s Hospital, the services provided are high-quality service and safety. As we look at these companies, we can see that a lot goes into operations behind the service and goods we receive as consumers. The way a company designs its operating system is crucial for success. The input, operations, and output are only a part of what is contributed. It is the materials management, the flow of how things are ran that really makes or breaks the backbone of a business. The way the systems are designed will give one company an advantage over another. Using materials management effectively and really going into detail about research will give a company more of an advantage than another. It will help a business increase its productivity, innovation, quality, and most importantly, its responsiveness to customers. Not only does the operations come into effect when running a successful business, but costs are a big part as well. Operations and materials management costs, also known as, OMM, consist of many costs pertaining to a company. The main costs of OMM are, raw materials and components, plant, labor, inventory, and distribution (Jones, 2007). These costs affect companies’ operations because each cost if part of the operating system. Without effectively running operations, costs will run a business†¦ out of business. Including costs during the operating process is a crucial way to success. This is all a part of materials management! References Jones, G. R. (2007). Introduction to business: How companies create value for people. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

The Way We See And Understand Things Essay

The Way We See And Understand Things Essay This is a famous quote and it is really significant in our world and in our lives in the recent time. First of all we need to look at the two most important two words see and understand in the quote. The see word correspond to perceive with eyes  [1]  while the understand world correspond to perceive the meaning of something  [2]  . As we can see according these definitions we can only reach the complete knowledge if we not only see things but we need to understand them at the same time. This claim shows a great influence of our beliefs and experiences on our view of the world. This is because our beliefs and experiences, the things that make us who we are, are an influence on our ways of knowing. Since our ways of knowing are the ways that we form our views and understanding. Emotion and Sense perception, in particular, are greatly affected. This quote brings up many questions like: Can you say that the human mind shapes the world according to its knowledge requests? Does culture, our believes limit the way we see and understand? Do we experience the same reality? In this essay I am going to analyse this quote according to in the relation of emotion and sense of perception and reasonsing , and trying to find the answers to the question what are stated above through couple of examples. The sense of perception according to the general definition is the physical response of our senses to stimuli. I have often wondered how we can perceive the same things differently, then I realised as the animals perceive things in dissimilar ways the individual human perception varies from individual to individual. It is an extreme thing, but a couple of people suffer in the world from synaesthesia, it means they can smell colours instead of seeing them and perceiving with their eyes or they can feel tastes, or some people in the world have sixth sense, they can feel danger forward, but in usual people experience the same things but the sense of perception has another element, it is the interpretation. What we sense (smell, sight, sound), we usually interrupt in different ways, that is why we each have a unique view of the world. If you look at this picture what do you see? I asked 3 people and all of them came up with a different answer for this question. The answers were: The grey figure is swimming for his life. The black figure is sticking up his arms. They could also both be swimming. The black figure would then be breast-swimming. It could also be the grey figure waving in greeting towards friends, and the black figure raising his arms in victory. Through this example we can see how people see the same picture but understand and interrupt so differently. The reasons for that are the usual perceptual learning does not work in such a situation like this picture. Perceptual learning is the increase in ability to absorb information of one type of information from the environment as a result of experience or practice  [4]  . In such a situation our brain does not have answer for it, because it has never experienced or practiced these kind of pictures, that is why usually people see and then understand, interrupt the same picture differently. The other scientific reasons for the question are we all have different education level, different attitudes, even particular moon could affect our perception and interruption and yes our believes and culture limits our perception, and the culture could change our conception, perception of something. For example in the Western culture the dog is pictured as beloved pet, the best friend of m an while a guard dog is treated as a working animal or in the Muslim culture the dog is the symbol of the an unclean animal, it should be kept of a home or Chinese people like it as a delicious dish. I have a personal experience how people feel so different about the dog, me and one my friend from Malaysia went down the seafront, we found a dog down there, and I went there stroke the dog while my friend just run away, that is the story how I learned the dog is not loved in the Muslim culture. As I stated above even the emotions affect how we perceive things, therefore it affects what we see and our understanding. Emotion as a way of knowing is integral with human awareness and is instinctive. How does the emotion linked to the perception? We cannot perceive someone elses emotional state, but our senses give clues how the others fell or what mood they are in. When people communicate, observers gain information from seeing their actions, during these actions observers see the same things, but these actions could mean more for one of the observer, because he or she can read body language. For example the head resting in the hands and eyes downcast means for an experienced body language reader his or her partner is bored, while to others it does not mean anything. Furthermore obviously if were feeling a certain way well react to things very differently than when we are in a different emotional stage. People often say the love is blind, and it is really true. When we are at th is emotional stage we are blinded by love, we can not see the mistakes and disadvantages of the other person, who is in love does not see and understand the other person as the outsiders. She or he just sees the good things, is shaded by a cloud, by his or her emotions so therefore she or he does not experience the same reality as the surrounding people. People usually have different emotions towards the same things, these emotions could affect their seeing and understanding, because of their economical status, culture or even the particular situation, our gender, our culture. If you see somebody get mugged by someone I think you would feel sad towards the one, but actually you do not really care while who got mugged probably fell horrified, feared. We can see from this example how our emotion changes according to the particular situation. We cannot see and understand the same thing in the same way, because every single unique people have touched differently emotionally. We feel differently towards the same ethical problems, dilemmas, situations, but I think often our emotions are socially and culturally constructed. If we think about at a funeral, people have to feel sad, they need to cry. Are they true feelings? Often people have to have the same emotions, but I think these emotions are not true or real. Our culture, our outside world limits our emotions, therefore as it is one of the ways of knowing, it limits our seeing and understanding. The emotions can greatly affect our perception, so it is sometimes not reliable. We often feel emotionally strong t owards which is not true, or we do not it is true or not. That is why often call the reasoning as help. Reason is basically logic leading us to find the truth. We use past experiences to work out what has happened in situations, for instance, if it is wet on a pavement in the morning, due to past experience, you rationalize that it has rained the night before . Scientists apparently see and understand the same reality. They use different methods reach the same reality, they can use the deductive reasoning or inductive method. They experiment on it to produce data to prove or disprove their theories about the world. They use different methods, but at the end they get the same understanding of an experiment. The scientists think the past is fixed, is it? The things that have happened are a constant, so to speak. Then how is it that historians see and understand those events differently? I think our perception of the history is greatly affected by our culture or our believes. Finally I think we do not access to the reality as it is in and of itself, and that our perceptions of it is coloured by the way our mind shapes it. So, it turns out that the way we see the world tells us more about ourselves than it tells us about the world as such. Modern rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, and, arguably, Kant) all hold (in some form) that the way we see the world is really just a function of how the mind works. For Descartes, there is an act of intellection in every perception, and for Kant the pure Concepts of the Understanding determine how we see the world. I think world is too complex, and we watch the world through different glasses, some of the glasses are shiner or darker than the others, it affects our ways of knowing, and we are determined by our ways of knowing, that why it affects our seeing and understanding. Therefore we should reverse the claim: what we see and understand is limited by the world outside the very things that we see shape our understandi ng.

The Devil Wears Prada Commerce Essay

The Devil Wears Prada Commerce Essay This reports investigates the management style, organisational culture, power and politics and employee support lessons of Runway. A conclusion is made in the fifth chapter. It is important to note that the movie is a caricature on organisational level. Quotes from the movie are referenced with the first name of the character. Many authors developed many models to analyse the above fields. In this report however, a very brief selection was made due to the limited word count. The sixth chapter reflects how this relates to Duo2, the organisation I worked in. The last chapter offers recommendations. Management style The management style in runway fits the most the contingency approach. Different theories also identify the behavioural leadership. Contingency approach Scott states the essence of contingency theory: the best way to organise depends on the nature of the environment to which the organisation relates (Scott 1998: 96). The fashion industry is very dependent on their environment, which is very fluctuating. This means that Runways best way in constantly changing as well, answering the trends in the industry. Miranda often does last-minute changes such as rescheduling meetings or changing promotions due to external factors. Team working stimulates the spread of new ideas, which are vital for change (Burns and Stalker 1966). Moreover, this change or innovation is vital for most companies, especially in the fashion industry. Runway uses teamwork in order to get new fresh ideas. Miranda lets her team make suggestions to develop a new outfit for Runway-cover. Lawrence and Lorsch (1968) state the importance of balancing differentiation and integration of those teams, enabling them to be best equipped to adapt to environmental changes. The balance in Runway tends more to be towards integration instead of differentiation, due to Mirandas tight control and the strong organisational culture (see next chapter). Taylor (scientific management) did already emphasize the importance of choosing the general type of management best suited to a particular case (Bizcovering 2009). Follet (human relations approach) formulated the law of the situation: the necessity of acting in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation (Bizcovering 2009). As Andy develops and improves, Mirandas approach and attitude to her changes as well. The contingency approach is criticised because of its lack of theoretical foundation and being basically intuitive (Bizcovering 2009). Miranda has absolute power and controls whole Runway. This enables her to act in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation. A more democratic approach would lack the flexibility needed to fully benefit the contingency approach. However, Mirandas decisions are indeed basically intuitive. Behavioural leadership The character of Miranda is autocratic. She uses direct control over her employees. It could be argued that creative jobs need more responsible autonomy. However, at Runway the direct control seems to work for most of the employees. On Tannebaum and Schmidts continuum, she scores highest on use of authority by the manager and lowest on area of freedom for subordinates. Andy literally sold her freedom to her. She does not have any private life anymore, illustrated by the loss of her friends and boyfriend. Tannebaum and Schmidt describe Mirandas behaviour as the manager decides and announces the decision. (Businessballs 2009). Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify her as a traditionalist, having little attention to the employee needs. Traditionalists oppose trade unions. For the size of a company such as Runway, it is however likely that there is trade union presence. The management style fits the business. The high autocratic behaviour exploits fully all opportunities the contingency approach offers. Moreover, it is one of the roots of the organisational culture, discussed in the next chapter. Organisational culture Runway has a strong organisational culture. This is because of the employees alignment to the organisational values. The best performing organisations are those with a strong culture (Deal and Kennedy 1999). Moreover, Peters and Waterman (1982) argue that excellent organisations have a strong cooperate culture. However, despite all the attributed excellence there is major risk in strong cultural organisation: groupthink. This name was given by Janis as a quick and easy way to refer to a mode of thinking that people engage when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in group, when members strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternatives of action. (Janis 1982: 9). This means that employees do not challenge the current organisational ideas, resulting in very poor innovation and low flexibility. Johnsons cultural web Johnsons et al (2002) cultural web consists out of six interrelated elements. Together they form the paradigm of the organisation. These six factors are described below. Stories Stories can be about people as well as events. On Andys first day, she hears from Emily that her precedents only lasted a few weeks. Moreover, Andy became a story herself because of her unfashionable taste in the beginning (Rebecca and Emily talking), and at the end because of her achievements (Emily talking to the new girl and Mirandas recommendation fax). One event clearly stands out as well: the fashion week in Paris. Paris is fabulous. Its the best thing that could ever happen to a person (Emily). Miranda confesses she lives towards this week during the whole year. These stories show how much Runway values the fashion week in Paris. Rituals and routines When Miranda arrives at Runway in the morning, the morning-routine can be clearly observed. Everything is prepared in a fashionable way before her arrival. When she arrives, people avoid her at any cost: a girl gets out of the lift for her and apologises, people in the corridor turn back the way they came from, etc. Dealing with Miranda requires some rituals. The most important one is to never ask her anything. When Andy goes to deliver the book to Mirandas house, Emily informs her about the strict book-ritual, described in appendix 1. Symbols Runway is fashion. This symbol can be found in the clothing style and even the eating habits of the staff, the design of the offices. Its product, the magazine, became a clear symbol in the fashion industry. Organizational structure The entire organisation is built around Miranda. Hierarchical structure at lower levels is not shown in the film. It is for example unclear how Nigel leads his department. Control systems There is no information about financial, quality or reward systems. Miranda exercises all control by making all employees fear her. This pushed the staff into certain rituals and routines, all in function to please Miranda. Power structures Miranda has all the real power. During the film this is obvious in the way she leads Runway. Even in the end, when they try to replace her, she has a list of people who will go with her if she goes. This proves her power. This topic will be further specified in the next chapter. In addition to Johnsons cultural web, an analysis according to Schein (1985), who argued culture could be analyzed at several different levels, is included in appendix 2. Handys four cultures Handy (1985) identifies the following four cultures. Trompenaars et al (2003) also distinguishes four corporate cultures, showing similarities with Handys model (appendix 3). Power culture Power cultures give complete power to a few who control everything. This allows them to make fast decisions and does not require much rules or bureaucracy. Miranda enjoys absolute power, which indeed enables here to make swift decisions. She makes the whole company run for her by constantly advancing deadlines. She is famous for being unpredictable because her position allows her to be unpredictable (Doug). Role culture A role culture has a highly defined structure, where everybody has its own role. These are usual hierarchical bureaucracies. At Runway, people do not seem to have a clearly defined role, especially Andy: she is Mirandas secretary, but also makes her childrens science-project, goes to pick up orders, buys food and drinks for Miranda and arranges the unpublished Harry Potter book for Mirandas children. Task culture In tasks cultures, employees work as teams to focus on a particular problem. Expertise is power. There is not much proof of teamwork at Runway, unless initiated by Miranda. Everybody does what Miranda wishes, despite their expertise. Person culture Person cultures all build on egalitarian individuals. Andy however does not have the same power as Miranda has. Whole Runway is just built on one individual: Miranda. Organisational power and politics French and Raven French and Raven (1959) argued that power is based on the following five categories: Coercive power This is the power of dictators such as Miranda. Though often identified as being physical, this is not the case here. The use of threats characterises coercive power. The fear of losing their job is the biggest threat for Runways employees. Employees only want to survive. Reward power As a single decision maker, Miranda can decide who gets promoted, or who joins her to celebrations. For example: the famous Paris week was taken away from Emily and given to Andy. However, employees are not rewarded for their compliance. Nigel explains Andy: Dont be surprised Miranda does not give you a kiss on the forehead and a golden star on your homework. Later on, he, one of the most loyal employees, did not receive a promised promotion because of Mirandas self-interest. Legitimate power Most people believe Miranda can make any demands, just because she is famous. As a leader of Runway she has legitimate power. However, this power is not only from her position: even when she would lose that position she has a group of people who would obey her. Referent power As being famous, Miranda enjoys a lot of referent power. A million girls would kill for that job [which Andy has] (Dough) or people are dying to work here (Nigel). Some employees perform beyond their capacity, because it is for Miranda. Emily for example comes to work when she is ill, telling herself I love my job, I love my job. Miranda uses her referent power as coercion. Maybe Emily did not come to work for Miranda (only) but out of fear of Miranda. Expert power In this category Miranda has a power base as well. Her expertise made her famous, which gave her referent power. Therefore she was given legitimate power as well. Miranda turned all powers into coercion, to have maximum control to do what she considers to be best for the magazine. Amitai Etzioni Etzioni (1968) discovered an association between the kind of power mix typically used by an organization and the modal involvement of its lower participant. Highly coercive mixes tend to be met with intensive negative involvement, normative mixes with intense positive involvement, and remunerative mixes with less intense positive or negative involvement, depending on the mix. (Etzioni 1968: 103). Coercive power Coercive power, typified by prisons, is discussed previously (3.1.1). Remunerative power Remunerative power, typical in factories, is discussed previously as well (3.1.4). Normative power Normative power relies on the power of symbols, typified by churches. The Runway magazine can be seen as a symbol of fashion. Nigel tells Andy the magazine represented hope for him when he was a little boy. Alientive involvement Alientive involvement describes Andys attitude, as an answer to Mirandas coercive power. She is pushed to do things against her will, such as helping on the science project of the twins. Calculative/pecuniary involvement Calculative involvement is based on extrinsic reward. This kind of involvement comes forth out of remunerative power. Emily is calculative involved because of the Paris week and all the clothes she would receive. Moral involvement Moral involvement is based on individual beliefs. At Runway, most employees are moral involved because they believe in Miranda for what she represents or symbolises, answering her normative power. Employee support lessons It is important to define the psychological contract first to understand what goes on in the workplace. It is defined as the expectations or perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other. (Guest and Conway 2001). Andys and Mirandas expectations are different. The table in appendix 4 illustrates some of the differences. The psychological contract is based on employees sense of fairness and trust and their belief that the employer is honouring the deal between them. (CIPD 2008). Andy does not have this sense of fairness, she has feels as Mirandas slave, resulting in alientive involvement. However, this psychological contract does work for other employees, as they do not expect any fairness and believe that Miranda is doing what is best. Nigel plays a big role in Andys support lessons. Paternalistically he takes care of her appearance: giving her shoes, choosing clothes for her, taking her to the beauty department, etc. Emily tells her what she has to do practically: taking Mirandas coat, how to deliver the book to Miranda, not talking to Miranda, studying all guests names of the party, etc. Nigel and Emily helped Andy to fit into Runways organisational culture. Moreover, they explained the employers side of the psychological contract. There is a clear evolution in Andys behaviour and attitude, as she learns about Runways psychological contract. Being stressed out after Mirandas first demanding request, she is able to execute her later even more demanding tasks perfectly, as she learnt what Miranda expects. Not only did she find the unpublished Harry Potter script, she also knew that Miranda expected two copies, and made sure these copies were delivered to the twins before they went to their grandmother. In the end, even Miranda helps Andy understand that she expects the job to be more important than her personal life, because that is what it takes to do this job (Miranda). Andy evolutes into this kind of person, accepting Runways psychological contract. However, eventually she decides that she does not want to be like this, and quits her job. Conclusion Miranda is an autocratic dictator, using her own best practise way. This contingency approach gives her a lot of freedom. She is the base of Runways strong organisational culture. Johnsons et al (2002) cultural web and Scheins (1985) three levels describe this culture. Runway is typified by a power culture, giving Miranda maximum control and flexibility (Handy 1985). This power is based in all the categories identified by French and Raven (1959). Mirandas personal power sources (expert and referent power) gave her positional power sources (legitimate, reward and coercive power). She (ab)uses coercive power the most. Unlike Etzioni (1968) suggests, employees are mostly moral involved instead of alientive involved. Andy is the exception, not sharing the organisational beliefs in fashion, resulting in alientive involvement. The problem with the psychological contract is that it is unwritten, and thus difficult to find out (Guest and Conway 2001). Andy has the help from Nigel, Emily and even Miranda in understanding the psychological contract at Runways. As she becomes aware of Mirandas expectations, she adapts herself (and her expectations) to fulfil Mirandas. However, eventually she decides that her job does not come before her personal life. This difference in expectations makes her quit her job. Application to the organisation Duo2 Duo2 was a sustainable marketing and communication agency founded by me and five other students for two months, as part of our degree in marketing. A modern management style was used. Duo2 was a learning organisation (Garvin and Cizik 1991), acquiring knowledge to fulfil certain tasks. We developed a course book for entrepreneurship in the tourism industry, though none of us was familiar with tourism. Consequence: learning about tourism. Our CEO adapted a laissez-faire approach, giving us maximum freedom and responsible autonomy. We could chose our hours and place of work. Further it can be described as a manager who joins (Tannebaum and Schmidt cited in Businessballs 2009) as we made all decisions together. Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify this as sophisticated constitutionalists moderns. We had a very weak organisational culture, with no organisational- or power structure, no control systems and no rituals. Stories were limited to gossips about lectors. The only symbol was our logo (Johnson et al 2002). Our mission and vision captured our underlying values and beliefs (Schein 1985). We worked in teams focussing on different tasks (task culture) in an egalitarian and informal style (incubator culture) (Handy 1985 and Trompenaars et al 2003). Some people worked on the tourism course book, others focussed on other clients or other tasks such as creating the website, searching clients, etc. Power was based on expertise (French and Raven 1959). Somebody with superior writing skills was leading the writing team. Creative talents had authority over the website. Our involvement was calculative: we worked only hard enough to pass and for the money, which was equally divided. With no different positional power sources and equity there was a perfect psychological contract: We did not have different expectations for ourselves than for others. Though some had different levels perceptions of qualitative work, generally we all expected the same from each other. Appendix 5 compares the discussed topics of Runways with Duo2s Recommendations (if Duo2 would still exist) The management style, organisational culture and equity provided a lot of freedom in Duo2. To sustain this freedom, a lot of communication is needed (who works where on what?). Therefore I recommend the implication of a better communication system. Weekly office meetings at the same time would help. Especially a personal logbook/task plan available to everybody would be useful. This means that everybody can see who did, is doing, or going to do certain tasks at which location. This would enhance the current task culture and create more efficiency. Moreover, the personal logbook can also be used as a way of performance management. We had a lot of freedom which made us happy and generally performed well. Though for some individuals it is good to have some kind of control system in place, to make sure they perform equally well and to communicate performances of everybody (which cannot always be noticed). This would make sure that everybody works the same hard, supporting our egalitarian culture and Adams equity theory. At the weekly office meetings everybody could present their logbook, the work they did, and their task plan, the work they plan doing the next week. This control system makes the employees freedom justifiable and does not undermine it. It is important to state that the freedom was very important for our motivation and inspiration, as most tasks were creative. Moreover, this allowed us to get the maximum out of ourselves. The freedom needs to be kept, however I recommend the above control system to be implemented in order to guarantee and check upon the productivity of that freedom. List of References Bizcovering (2009) Contingency Approach to Management [online] available from [20 March 2007] Burns, T. and Stalker, G., M. (1966) The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock Publ. Businessballs (2009) Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum [online] available from [8 April 2009] Changing Minds (2009) Trompenaars four diversity cultures [online] available from [22 February 2009] CIPD (2008) The psychological contract [online] available from [12 April 2008] Deal, T., E. and Kennedy, A., A. (1999) The New Corporate Cultures. New York: Perseus Publishing Etzioni, A. (1968) Organizational Dimensions and their Interrelationships: A Theory of Compliance. Indik, B. and Berrien, K. (eds.) People, Groups, and Organizations, 94-109 Frankel, D. (2006) The Devil Wears Prada [online] available from [21 February 2009] French, J.R.P. and Raven, B. (1959) The bases of social power. Studies in Social Power Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Garvin, D. (2003) Learning in Action: A Guide to Putting the Learning Organization to Work. Harvard : Harvard Business Press Guest, D.E. and Conway, N. (2001) Organisational Change and the Psychological Contract. London: CIPD Handy, C., B. (1985) 3rd edn. Understanding Organizations. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Hedges, P. (2005) The Devil Wears Prada [online] available from [19 February 2009] Janis, I., L. (1982) 2nd edn. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Johnson, G., K., Scholes and R., Whittington (2002) 8th edn. Exploring corporate strategy. London: Prentice Hall Lawrence, P. and Lorsch, J. (1968) Differentiation and Integrations in Complex Organisations. Administrative Science Quarterly 12, 1-30 Peters, T., J. and Waterman, R., H (1982) In search of excellence: Lessons from Americas best-run companies. New York: Harper Row. Purcell, J. and Sisson, K. (1983) Strategies and practice in the management of industrial relations. Bain, G. (editor) Industrial Relations in Britain. Oxford: Blackwell Schein, E.,H. (1985) 3rd edn. Organizational Culture and Leadership. Chichester: Wiley Scott, W., R. (1998) 4th edn. Organisations: rational, natural, and open systems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Trompenaars, F. and Woolliams, P. (2003) Business Across Cultures. Chichester: Wiley

Cold Wars Impact on America Politically, Socially, and Economically Es

Cold War's Impact on America Politically, Socially, and Economically As the Soviet Union approaches Berlin from the East, the allied forces invade from the west. Hitler’s German war-machine was crumbling. The United States had to make an enormous decision. Should they attack the Red Army of the Soviet Union? Should they keep the increasingly shaky alliance with the Russians and end the war in Europe? America chose to remain allies, resulting in a decision that affected the world for the next 46 years. World War 2 had concluded but now there was a new enemy, the Soviet Communist. The post-war world left the Soviets and the United States in an ideological power struggle. The origin of the cold war is hard to pinpoint. There were several issues and disagreements that led to it. The political differences between the 2 nations were absolute opposites. America was a democracy, a system that allows its citizens to choose the political party in which runs the government. The Communists were led by one of the most vicious dictators in human history, Joseph Stalin. America has a capitalist economic system that allows private ownership of business and property. This freedom allows citizens the opportunity for financial success. All businesses and institutions of the Russian socialist economy were owned, regulated, and operated by the government. The purpose of American government is to protect the individual rights of its citizens. The soviet regime stood for control. World War 2 had just ended, and these two super-powers were becoming agitated, leery, and even paranoid of looming intentions. Although U.S.S.R and the U.S. were allies in the war, the suspicion and distrust was radiating from both sides. The Verona Project ... ...mic age is unimaginable. Taxes were raised on Americans, giving huge amounts of money to the military and national defense. To conclude, the cold war had an enormous effect on nearly every aspect of American life. With varying results, some were good and others were bad. I sense that the Cold war was helpful to us as a nation. Russian competition pushed the U.S. toward improvements in technology, military, science, and education. In a world with 2 superpowers the U.S. was driven to be better than the competitor. But now we are alone at the top and there is nowhere to go but down. Hopefully the termination of the U.S.S.R. didn’t open up a spot for a new and better world power to emerge in the near future. Bibliography Present Tense: The United States Since 1945, Michael Schaller, Virginia Scharf, & Robert Schulzinger. Houghton-Mifflin, ISBN 0395745349, 2003

The Pardoners Tale Essay -- English Literature Essays

The Pardoner's Tale The world is full of hypocrites and in the story â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale†, Chaucer writes about a man who is living a life of sin. The Pardoner’s tale is an epologia of a pardoner who has the power from the church to forgive others for their sins but makes a living out of lying and tricking his audience. Throughout the Pardoner’s Tale he preaches about greed, drinking, blasphemy, and gambling but in the Pardoner’s Prologue he admits to committing these sins himself. The pardoner is really just a 14th century con artist who makes a living by his own hypocrisy. In the Pardoner’s Tale the pardoner condemns people who drink and says, â€Å"Witness the Bible, which is most express/That lust is bred of wine and drunkenness† (263). He denounces drinkers and the evils they create, but in his prologue he states, â€Å"No, let me drink the liquor of the grape†¦Now as I’ve drunk a draught of corn-ripe ale† (262). The pardoner admits to drinking but later preaches against it, his hypocrisy knows no bounds as he makes others feel guilty for something that he himself does, after all, isn’t he telling the story while inside a bar. As a church appointed pardoner he is responsible to set a certain example for those who look to him for guidance but still he lives his greed controlled life. The pardoner teaches about gluttony and greed, and the evils that befall it, but in his prologue he contradicts his teachings many times. In his story he tells about three men who go searc...

English Comparative- Dorm Life Vs. Life At Home Essay -- essays resear

College Dorm Life Vs. Life at Home   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Last month in our country, thousands of eighteen year olds flocked and migrated to a location where they could finally escape the stress of parents, siblings and their very own house and neighborhood. For the majority of the students, the move was indeed a success, an enjoyment, and otherwise a great new place to call home. There are some teens however, who are finding the new life in college to be struggle, and for some, an unejoyable event. In this essay, I will compare and contrast the views and opinions on life in the dorm versus life back home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To begin, I would like to state my own opinion on dorm life. I find that life at college is by far, better than life at home. Parents, jobs, and siblings are never a problem here for me, and I find it very relaxing. Tons of kids my age live within footsteps of me, and I find myself getting along quite well. No one is here to tell me what to do, where to go, where not to go, or anything like that. I don’t have to make my bed, or even match anymore. Its great! Personally, I find college dorm life better than life at home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many kids who agree with me. Students find that there are more people to associate with, and more parties to go to. There is never a curfew, and never parental guidance. Total independence is what makes life here so much easier. The pressure from parents urging studying is by...

The Hard Part of Breaking Up

Its hard to break up with someone. You never know how that person is going to act or say once you tell them why you are breaking up with him or her. There’s never a good way to break up with someone. But if there’s problems in the relationship you have to point them out if not things will never get better. There are three reasons for break ups: falling out of love with that person, cheating, or they were never happy together. One of the reasons why people choose to end their relationship is because they fell out of love with their partner.Some people say that love never dies but it fades once a person realizes what is missing in their relationship. Nobody ever wants to leave their true love but when your tired of trying to fix things or spark up the relationship and nothing seems to work then that’s when you have to let him or her go. Other people just aren’t in love with that person anymore . I hear this all the time â€Å"I love him or her but I’ m not in love with him or her†. I never really get that its either you are in love with that person or you aren’t.Another reason for break ups is cheating. Some people say the reason for cheating is that he or she isn’t taking care of my wants and needs. But when you actually realize it people cheat just to cheat they never have a reason to why they do it they love doing it. I don’t think cheating is right at all. That’s just showing people what type of person you are and should want people to see that side of you. People should always be faithful in their relationships. You shouldn’t want to cheat on your girlfriend or boyfriend.The last reason why break ups happen is because the couple was never happy together. Maybe at a point in their relationship they were happy but everything little thing is an argument. Even when they still try to go out and have a good time it always ends in an argument about stupid things. So they decide to go their separate ways and see other people but when I hear what some people go through in a relationship, I say to talk things out before actually breaking up but when they say they’re tired of it and their done there’s nothing you can really do at that point.But when your not happy together think of what made you happy at the beginning of your relationship to see if you can bring that happiness back. You never want to end a relationship especially if you have been together for years. That’s something you never want to let go but when its time you have to let him or her go. You always want to at least let that person know you still care about them.

Thorn Queen Chapter Twenty-Two

I woke up with a promontoryache nonwithstanding worse than the ane Id gotten shooting tequila on the night of Luisas birth. Pain thudded to a sozzled drum shake up in my head, though at the same clock, my senses tangle foggy as a boring p concludinger detonator easily came into focus above me. illness tumefyed up in my stomach, and I stressed I was release to sw wholeow tired of(p). It had happened the last time Id bob up crashing by dint of the adult males.And speaking of the institutionsw here was I? Easy full to put d protest forbidden, my groggy superstar quickly realise. Id been cl unwraped solve egress from the Otherworld, which meant I could either pose been send to the Underworld or the human world. The position that I was remedy alive indicated Id foreg nonpareil onto the latter. why on earth would Abigail drum up me to-fuck. thither it was the nausea again. I smudge my lip and attempt to sit up, non requisiteing to choke on my stimulate vomit. unless(prenominal), when I act to rise, I didnt reap genuinely far. My fleet were stretched above my head, tied to the headboard of the cheat I define on. No, not tied-cuffed. Cuffed with heavy steel, industrial-strength kick incuffs. Bound or no, I did manage some magic trick of sitting, bonny as my stomach betrayed me. A bowl got shoved under my reckon right on at that moment, and I was grateful to resign the tushding and my clothes. I threw up double forwards my benefactor gently asked, every much than?I dont designate so.I squinted up and erect myself realizeing into the side of meat of a young girl, heavily spot and brown- tomentum cerebried, with a nose a single-valued function withal sm al adept for the rest of her s unconstipatedth cranial nerve features. She was tranquillise cute large, though, and-she was a nobility. For a moment, I wondered if Id gotten confused nigh the banishment. Was I still in the Otherworld? No. This was decided ly the human world. I could sense it. in that respect was a way that magic hung in the air-or, rather, didnt hang in the air round here.The girl alikek the bowl by and returned with a damp cloth. She wiped my face with it and past my mouth. A moment later, she returned with a glass of water, which I drank gratefully. All of her movements were gentle and tendernessful.Whats your name? I asked.Cariena.Thats actually pretty. Where am I, Cariena? I asked, tugging at the manacles. Those liaisons werent fall offage to budge.The girl sit depressed on a chair in the corner. In the world of the humans.I bed that. I tried hard not to permit my t unitary hasten harsh. My slash from the rubbish was g sensation I wore a T-shirt and underwear. b bely where? What is this place?She glanced around, as though the way might cover some secret insight. The walls were troubleted pale gray and matched the bedspread, a pattern of royal and grayish blue flowers. There was a small dress er in the corner, a long with her chair, as well as the determine twin bed I lay in. There wasnt a lot of length here-and no windows at all.The rose-cheeked glide Mans over attendowship.The Red ophidian-son of a bitch. artwork.My mind was still fuzzy, and I had a hard time grasping all the details of what had happened. I remembered bits and pieces of the fight. I remembered chasing the soldier and wherefore Abigail banishing me tho if it was all still disjointed, and I had no re requireion of how Id gotten here. It was possible that was simply from the combat injury of tearing through the worlds. Someone could moderate smacked me upside the head too, save the pain throbbing in my skull wasnt that type. As Id note earlier, it was much a akin(p) the hangover type. still worse.Where is he straightway? I asked.Cariena shake her head. I dont drive in. He doesnt explain his activities to us.Us? Are in that respect Again, my addled brain tried to remember what I already k bran-new. wherefore couldnt I line up my approximations? It was wish I had both the bombilate and the hangover from drinking, all wrapped up into one. Us. guile. Red Snake Man. Are at that place former(a)(a)s like you here? Other girls?She nodded.How umpteen?Five-no, four. They took Fara yesterday. Isannas next.They who?One of the men. They come some time. They look at us. Sometimes they estimable She looked away, unwilling to border my eyes. Sometimes they justvisit. further sometimes they imbibe a deal with the Red Snake Man to send one of us.Art, I murmured. His name is Art. Red Snake Man learnms to give him some colouration of respect. I started to rub my eyes and then realized I couldnt with the cuffs. Are the other girls chained up too?Only the ones who resist.Well, yeah, I guess that would include me. I off it youre not one? non whatever more.Why dont you leave? You must lay down some magic however a little.Cariena held up her hands. She didnt abide hand cuffs like me, further snug conjure bracelets hugged apiece wrist, each with a tiny lock. The kowtow was red and swollen where the smoothing iron contacted. saviorso youre blocked from your magic. exclusively, I mean, cant you just walk out the door?Theres ironiron everywhere. The windows, the doors. Theyre all bound with iron and spells. And locks. Besides Her blue eyes widened slightly. I dont hunch where I would gonot in this worldHome, I verbalize fiercely. Youll go home. Ill use up you there.She shook her head, face sad. Theres no escape from here. non even for you.I eyed her curiously. Do you drive in who I am?You are the thorn Queen. Storm Kings daughter. You are my sovereign. She gave a deferent nod of respect. And I drive in you are a great warrior and magic user. But if the Red Snake Man caught even you, then theres no go for for whatever of us. Moria tried to escape, and she died out there.Moria did escape. She didnt die, and- I crackped.Why was my brain much(prenominal) mush? Why was I reckoning so slowly? A great warrior and magic user. I didnt need my hands to direct out of here. I had my magic. The iron and steel that pareny Carienas magic had hardly whatever belief on me, and I would endure had abundant time by now to remodel my stores of power. I reached into myself and then to the world around, seek water and air, though not indisputable what Id do with them. Blow the headboard apart? oxidise the handcuffs? The decision turned out not to matter.Nothing happened.I matt-up nothing. I feltwell, human. I felt as I had for years, long in the lead Id had any clue I could touch any sort of Otherworldly magic. I was cut aside. My mind touched alone empty space.Whats wrong with me? I asked, confessedly panic starting to unravel in me. My magics gone. The steel shouldnt affect meIts not the steel, a voice suddenly verbalise. Its the nightshade. And I think youre overdue.Art strolled into the room, feel as frosty as ever with his tanned skin and movie-star smile. I had nothing however patronage for him and instinctually tried to break the cuffs. Nightshadenightshade. Where had I perceive that before? Rurik, I realized. Hed advised something called a tincture of nightshade to completely cut off Jasmine from her magic. Was that what Id been given? Hed said it was the most efficacious exactly that it do those with human contrast feel dazed and sick. All of a sudden, I knew this fuzzy hangover intent didnt commence anything to do with me being banished.There was no real purpose in discussing nightshade with Art, so I got right to the point. Im dismission to veil you.Art laughed that hearty, deep laugh Id once found endearing. Forgive me if Im not scared. He turned to Cariena. Go furbish up some more nightshade for Eugenie. And fool legitimate Isanna is dressed and ready to go when Abigail returns.Cariena was practically out of the room before he finished speaking. I cant believe it, I said. Its rattling on-key. When I first started displace together this fairy arouse-trade theory, I idea it was as crazy as Roland ruling it was. But its really true. Wheres this Isanna qualifying? Is Abigail taking her to her new owner?He leaned book binding and crossed his legs. I suppose you could enjoin that. I like to think of it as her new loving home. The man who bought her is very eager to welcome her.Youre a prison guard bastard, I growled. Selling them like theyre property. faculty as well be. And if it makes you feel better, I dont get by all of them. Cariena therehmm, well, shes not pretty enough to get a good price. Easier to keep her around for house calls.House calls. I started to feel sick again, and it had nothing to do with the nightshade. Basically, youre whoring her out. You consider sex slaves and ladder a brothel-and yet, all the while, you walkover hero shaman like youre doing the world a good deed. Roland couldnt say enough nice things about yo u.Art straightened up, feet strike the point as a tucket of anger shone in his eyes. I am doing the world a good deed-this world. Those girls? Theyre nothing. They arent human. And you He shook his head. Youre one to talk about image. You play hero shaman too, when in reality youre off commanding gentry armies. Does Roland know? Does he know what you really are? Im indisputable he has to know youre a half-breed mongrel, merely does he really know the extent of it? bloodless rage burned within the drug-induced murkiness of my mind. I think you forgot the part where Im exit to kill you.And you forgot the part where I said Im not worried.Cariena returned holding a coffee mug. I eyed it warily.What are you deviation to do with me? I demanded. You would constitute killed me already if you could, yet you in all likelihood arent going to let me go now that I know your dirty secret. Are you going to sell me off too? Keep me for yourself since you dont like gentry?Art shook his he ad and approached my bed. Eugenie, you couldnt pay me enough to keep you around. Id take one of these idiot girls any day. drama on the microwave, and theyre so scared that theyll check-out procedure docile for weeks.He gestured Cariena to his side and reached waste to hold my head in place. I realized what he was going to do and began thrashing. With one hand he tried to keep me still, and with the other he partially held my mouth open.Do it, he said. Obediently, Cariena poured the liquefied from the mug into my half-open mouth. As she did, she mouthed, Im sorry. The stuff tasted horrible, and I gagged on it. I tried to splutter it out, only Art chop-chop cover my mouth until I had to swallow. That bitterness flowed down in the mouth my throat, and I could feel a new wave of numbness start to dangle over me.Yes, said Art, more or less cheerfully. Youre trouble. I dont regard you. I dont know any human who would. But fortunately, we got an offer from someone who isnt.I t hink he was joyous that stupid smile again, but I could never say for sure. The force of the nightshade fill through me, pulling me into fuzziness, then darkness, and then sleep.I immediately noticed twain things when I came to later. One was that Art was still in the room, though I think hed just returned and hadnt been watching me sleep.The other thing I noticed was that I was uncuffed.I didnt waste any time. I promptly leapt out of the bed and charged him. Unfortunately, I didnt really make it off the bed so well. The nightshade was chugging along in my system, and my limbs scarcely had the energy to stay upright. I fell off the bed and collapsed into an ungraceful hillock on the floor. Cariena was there too, holding a bundle of clothing, and started to come serve me. Art shook his head, and she froze.Looks like you wont be cleanup spot me today, he said.You tush bastard, I said, tossing one arm on the bed and attempting to pull myself up. How long was I out?Oh, an momen t or so. Thats regularly the worst part of it for humans. Now that youre bright-eyed and bushy-tailed, Carienas going to uphold you look respectable.I glared at him. I didnt know whod stripped me down to this T-shirt and underwear, but if it had been him, hed die extra slow. The scathing look he gave me suggested, however, that he found as little pleasure in me as I did in him.You cant keep me here, I warned, managing at last to sit cover charge on the bed. Someones going to come looking for me.Who? he asked. You were the idiot who wandered off from your people. no(prenominal) of them saw you taken. None of them saw me or any of my companions-well, except for your two hand-to-mouth(prenominal) guards, and they wont say anything to anyone ever again.With a change posture feeling, I knew he was right. No torso knew what had happened to me. Id mentioned the discolour River theory off and on to a few of my friends, but none of them had any reason to suspect that was connected to my post-battle disappearance. If anything, theyd probably think thered been another demon on the loose.Who the hell were your companions anyway? I demanded, recalling the dexterous fighters. Did you hire a mercenary multitude or something?Art only smiled. Cariena, get her dressed. To me, he said, Cooperate, or shell be the one who suffers for your disobedience.He left, shutting the door potty him. I heard the snick of a lock. Across the room, Cariena watched me with big, terrified eyes. She feared both me and Art. I sighed. Its okay. Ill get dressed. I dont want to run around in my underwear anyway.visibly relieved, she stepped forward and unfurled what she held a dress. A gentry-style dress.You meet got to be kidding me, I said. Isnt there something else?Cariena cringed. Its all he gave me.I eyed the bedspread, almost wondering if I could go all Scarlett OHara and make something for myself. Then, seeing Carienas pale face, I yielded again. I wouldnt let Art beat her or give her to some cat-o-nine-tails because of me. I took the dress from her but observe I couldnt put it on without help, not with my weak muscles and groggy motor control. creation in that state infuriated me. I hated being helpless. More touch still was that I was es directially free, detach and able to move aboutbut I had no means to fight or defend myself. I could only even stand. I was a prisoner in my own consistence.The dress was a mix of lavender and pale blue. I guess youd call it periwinkle, which Id always thought was a dorky name. It was made of smooth, clingy velvet that hugged my body and laced up the pricker corset-style. The sleeves were long and form-fitting, and the scoop neckline was much lower than my usual style. Id only wear something that showed that much sectionalisation if I was going on a date with Kiyo-or trying to coax a favor from Dorian.Kiyo and Dorian. It sounded pathetic and all damsel-in-distress, but I would get to given anything to have them here right now.Cariena clasped her hands and study me almost adoringly. You look beautiful, your majesty. I see now why you have so many suitors cover charge in our world.Our world. Well, I dont think my beauty plays quite as much a role as you think.She produced a brush and undid the knotted ponytail in my hair. I dont know if I want to be beautiful or not. I used to think I did. But since Im not, no one will take me from here. She sounded grateful.You are beautiful, I said sharply, waste at what Art had said. And someone is going to take you from here-me.Cariena gave me a small, sad smile, but for the first time, I thought there might be something like hope in her eyes. A knock at the door startled her back into trepid mode as she leapt up from where shed sat beside me. Oh Hes here.Who? I asked. Surely Art wouldnt have knocked.The lock clicked, and the door opened. Leith walked in.Leith I exclaimed. He looked as Id seen him before, clad in a red and white silk shirt, dark hair glos sy and swept from his face in a ponytail. I wanted to switch up but knew Id fall to the floor again. Thank God. Someone did know I was here. I wasnt lost forever. I wanted to articulate Cariena we were on the verge of freedom, but she was already scurrying out of the room and hastily shutting the door.Eugenie, breathed Leith, striding toward me. He knelt on the ground and caught hold of my hands where I sat. You are stunningas beautiful as I remember. No, more so. You cant imagine how Ive missed you.A flush crept along my rachis. Something was very, very wrong here.Leithwe have to get out of here. You have to help me-and these girls. There are horrible things going on here.We can leave, he said. But not quite yet. Not until everythings settled.I tested his hand to see if I could free mine. I couldnt. Until whats settled?Until then, he continued, as though I hadnt spoken, youll have to stay here where no one can find you. But I promise Ill visit you every day.I cant stay here I have to get back toanywhere thats not here. Tucson. The Thorn Land. Anywhere Leith, what the hell is going on? Why are you here?Because you are. Because Art got you for me.That chill down my spine spread to the rest of my body until I felt cold all over. I tried jerking my hand away again but didnt possess the strength. How do you know Art? Oh God. Please tell me you arent working with him.He shrugged. Its a in return beneficial relationship. I help him collect girls in our-in the Otherworld.Girls from my kingdom, I said, the realization coming suddenly. Thats why none of yours were ever taken.Leith had the grace to look sheepish. I dont take beta ones, Eugenie. Just peasants. No one notices theyre missing.Their parents do.Look, it doesnt matter. My soldiers help round them up, and I bring them to Art and Abigail to do what it is they do. My soldiers. The soldiers who always wore red, just like Leith did now. Normally, red shirts made me think of protagonist Trek extras, but in this case, it was in tribute to the Rowan Lands flag and emblem. The soldiers Jasmine and others had seen werent Aesons deserters. Theyd been sent by Leith to help Art and Abigail with their abductions.They sell them, Leith How can you stand by and modify that? They sell those girls to horny guys against their will. What can you maybe get out of it to justify having that on your conscience?This. He gestured around. Art and Abigail plow things with metheir knowledge from this world. I take it back to mine.I stared in disbelief. And then you pass it off as your own. Thats why everyone thinks youre such a technological genius. Did you really gussy up those irrigation plans for me yourself?No, he admitted. I had help. But does it really matter? Look, you dont know what its like. Youre strong. Your magic grows more powerful every day. But me? Im a joke. I cant inherit. Proving myself with my genius was the only way to get any respectand even that wouldnt be good enough to let me inhe rit. Until I met you.Leith-I know what you said, but my feelings havent changed. I love you. And I know if you just spend a little more time with me, youll love me too. We connect. Theres something between us. Its more than just about power.I leaned back. It was the only way I could put blank between us. Im not so sure about that. You think Im your meal rag to holding on to the Rowan Land.Not just that land, but all the lands This world too. Eugenie, when you bear my son, youll see that Im right. There was a zealous glow in his eyes, and I couldnt decide if he was crazy or just really, really believed these things would be true if he said them. Maybe there wasnt a difference. I can make you happy-and I know you can make me happy. Youre so beautiful.He move up to sit beside me on the bed and ran one hand along my velvet-covered leg. LeithdontI just need to get you pregnant, he said earnestly. Dont you understand? If I bring you back to our world carrying my child, everything will be solved. Art told mehe told me how you stop yourself from conceiving. How you take some potion every day. His hand locomote up to my hip while his other touched my face and stroked my hair. I tried to back away, but his grip was too strong in my addled state. He said if youre away from it long enough that youll be able to have a baby.I swallowed. My heart was grueling to pound out of my chest. Noit wont work. You cant get me pregnant-because I already am.His caresses froze. What?You were right before about me being involved with Dorian. Kiyo was a cover. Hes not worthy-hes no one Id want to father my child. Dorian and I have been lovers for a long time now in secret. We were afraid of what his enemies would do if they found out. Ive been pregnant for What wouldnt show? two months. Its too late for you, Leith.He had gone perfectly still, save for his eyes, which were searching my face thoroughly. I dont believe you. Youre lying. Everyone knows how you bicker with the Oak King. Y ou arent lovers.We are. Hell kill you when he finds out.Leith shook his head and slid his hand from my hip to my stomach. Theres nothing here. Not yet. brat flooded me, and for a moment I couldnt breathe. Every other time Id come close to being raped flashed through my mind-and there had been far more of those times than I would have liked. And every time, I had escaped the situation. Yet that never made the next time any less terrifying. This was no exception.Leith, please dont do this.His hand moved fumblingly to my breast, and then he pushed me back against the bed. Its okay, he said, speaking as one would to a child. Itll be okay. Youll like it. I promise.Dont do thisHis mouth was on my neck, and lovesick boy or no, there was decidedly a mans sexual need there. I struggled against him, trying desperately to free myself, but I might as well have truly been a child. With that fucking drug in me, both my body and brain were a mess. My body had none of its ability to fight him or s top him from pushing up my skirt. My brain had no clever ways to talk him out of this. And as he took off his own clothes and laid his body on top of mine, pressing me down, I realized he needed no handcuffs to keep me subdued. The strength of his hands pin my wrists was more than enough.